The world is preparing for a second wave of the mutated covid virus Some Patients Left Vulnerable to #COVID Even After Getting Vaccinated | Individuals on immunosuppressant drugs are still at risk: The pandemic in Care Homes was reported. The pandemic in schools is hardly being reported. Silence is the worst form of gaslighting. It induces the "shrugging stage" as I call it aka normalisation. "Well, they're all going to get it at some stage." UPDATE Ten countries in the 27-member EU -- including Belgium, the Netherlands and Poland -- face a #COVID situation of "very high concern", the bloc's diseases agency said Friday, warning the pandemic was worsening across the continent I wish I had good news for you, world , but #COVID19 cases are growing rapidly — at basically the pace we saw this time last year. Positivity rate is also rising, perhaps slightly less dramatically, but still at an aggressive pace. We’re now over 9% Boris Johnson today s...
Protein synthesis - a software wonder in cells
We said that the most important functions of these programs are the manufacture of proteins and the transfer of genetic traits, in addition to other functions, science has discovered some of them and is still working to uncover more.
And proteins are complex chemical molecules that are among the most important molecules that contain living organisms and the most diverse of them. Their types are in thousands and vary according to their functions. They are like soldiers that are used to serve the living cell and play a fundamental role in all the vital interactions that take place in our bodies.
Among the functions is the process of building the components of the cell, giving it its strength, strengthening its parts, transferring information between different cell parts and stimulating chemical reactions (this type is called enzymes, and enzymes have very many types).
Proteins consist of units called "amino acids" and the number of amino acids present in nature is very many, but only 20 of them are included in the synthesis of proteins, and the twenty can be likened to the letters in the alphabet, their number is limited but by which we can form whatever we like of sentences, phrases and words, provided that They are linked according to the rules of language.
This is another aspect of the similarity between it and the language, so that it consists of a group of amino acids that must be linked to each other according to a specific precise sequence.
The amino acids are linked in a linear fashion like a train carriage, to form a chain that lengthens or shortens according to the number of acids that make up each protein, then that chain wraps to take a three-dimensional shape that also varies with each protein.
Are proteins in the cell?
Scientists say that the living cell is a world in its own right, and they resemble it with a group of factories and workshops that carry out all the processes and interactions necessary for the organism to ensure the continuation of vital functions in its body, and thus the continuation of its life. It has three basic stages, as shown in the attached simplified drawing.
1- Transcription: The cell nucleus receives a call from somewhere in the human body, and no one knows how this connection is made yet, telling it that it needs a specific protein, so the nucleus immediately converts the connection to the appropriate DNA, which contains the required instructions, Or the program required to manufacture that protein, and upon receiving this connection, the DNA determines the code needed to manufacture this protein, then searches for the part of its spiral chain that contains that code, and after it determines the first and last, the chain begins to disintegrate only in the specific field that contains Required code.
Then the reporter is called to transmit instructions to form the protein, and its name (RNA) is similar to a DNA molecule, but it differs from it in that it is much smaller, and in that it is a single, not a double chain, the length of which corresponds to the length of the programming code for the required protein, then this reporter is located on one of the The two disassembled ends of the DNA chain, the sequence of bases are transcribed, then separated from them and the chain returns to healing as before.
We now have a reporter ready to transfer the program, and what this reporter has done is called by scientists (transcription), and will be followed by a process (translation).
Vectors
And the carriers are like building workers who build protein, and if we imagine that the amino acids are the bricks from which we build the protein, then each carrier is a factor that carries a block above its head, that is, a certain amino acid, and this factor has three legs, not just two men, and its legs are three Nitrogenous bases are the symbol of this amino acid.
3- Translation and construction: There must then be a worker observer or a supervisor, who supervises the work and makes sure that each worker performs his task to the fullest, and this observer in the cell is called (ribosome), and is located on the reporter, i.e. the chain copied from the DNA Then, it starts calling the construction workers (vectors) one by one according to the sequence of the code the reporter holds.
The worker responds and carries the amino acid and goes to the reporter and the worker’s legs (the amino acid code) stick to the corresponding correspondent chain, and so the workers line up over the chain and the amino acids are arranged according to the code transmitted from the cell, and this is the translation process, that is, the translation of the code transferred from the cell to A specific sequence of amino acids results in a specific protein.
After that, the chief of workers binds the amino acids to each other with special chemical bonds. Whenever an acid bond is separated from each of them, a carrier carries it and so on until a chain of amino acids is formed from which the protein molecule is formed. After all workers put their loads and the chain is formed, the chain begins to circumvent specifically according to The type of protein to take on its three-dimensional shape is protein in its final form.
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